Discovering Discovery

Discovery: Hints

We are occupied here mainly with discovering the XO learning machine and the Sugar education software, and with the occasional hints and explanations required for their less discoverable functions and features. When we come to the uses of XOs and Sugar in real life, and the uses of what one can learn, we enter the domain of much more difficult discoveries such as the questions, "What should I do?" "What is most important, most worthwhile?" These questions are as hard as possible, and inherently have no right answers, although there are numerous religions and ideologies that pretend to have all of the answers for everybody. They also depend on the questions, "What is real?" "What is true?"

In fact, everyone has different abilities and is in different circumstances, and thus should do something different. What is essential to prosperous US citizens is often worse than irrelevant to poor people in developing countries with corrupt governments.

Many people have given useful hints for approaching these and other such questions. Here is a small sample.

  • You must be the change you wish to see in the world.—Gandhi
  • Only do what only you can do.—Dijkstra
  • With all thy getting, get wisdom.—Proverbs
  • You got to walk that lonesome valley, you got to walk it by yourself.—Christian hymn
  • It isn't what you don't know that gets you, it's what you do know that just ain't so.—Mark Twain and many others
  • Even if what you say is true, if you don't understand why it is true, it does you no good.—Zen koan

Existing curricula contain a useful set of topics for many of the activities of life, including employment, engaging in civil society, and even answering questions that don't have answers, but by no means a complete set. Topics are omitted for many reasons, including convenience of adults, religion, ideology, and culture, whether today or when the curriculum was originally written. Children are deliberately kept ignorant of much that is most important. Unfortunately various ideologies, religions, and curricula pretend to have all the answers, or all the answers that matter.

"What does who want, Alexandra?" Miss Maudie asked.

"I mean this town. They’re perfectly willing to let [Atticus Finch] do what they’re too afraid to do themselves—it might lose ‘em a nickel. They’re perfectly willing to let him wreck his health doing what they’re afraid to do, they’re—"

"Be quiet, they’ll hear you," said Miss Maudie. "Have you ever thought of it this way, Alexandra? Whether Maycomb knows it or not, we’re paying the highest tribute we can pay a man. We trust him to do right. It’s that simple."

"Who?" Aunt Alexandra never knew she was echoing her twelve-year-old nephew.

"The handful of people in this town who say that fair play is not marked White Only; the handful of people who say a fair trial is for everybody, not just us; the handful of people with enough humility to think, when they look at a Negro, there but for the Lord’s kindness am I." Miss Maudie’s old crispness was returning: "The handful of people in this town with background, that’s who they are."

Had I been attentive, I would have had another scrap to add to Jem’s definition of background, but I found myself shaking and couldn’t stop.

[Jem's definition:]

"Background doesn’t mean Old Family," said Jem. "I think it’s how long your family’s been readin‘ and writin’. Scout, I’ve studied this real hard and that’s the only reason I can think of. Somewhere along when the Finches were in Egypt one of ‘em must have learned a hieroglyphic or two and he taught his boy."

Jem laughed.

"Imagine Aunty being proud her great-grandaddy could read an’ write—ladies pick funny things to be proud of."

Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird

That means that we need to discover what else we should explore, a process that has occupied many of our ancestors since prehistory (while others, alas, sought to prevent such discovery). This is much too large a topic for this little guide, but again, I can provide some hints.

  • We teach children math in primary and secondary schools only up to the 17th century, including analytic geometry, and maybe calculus. Much that went before is also omitted. We break math into subject fields and thus courses according to its historical development, not the relations of ideas or the natural flow of discovery. One of the most important neglected topics is understanding statistics, which has little to do with how to calculate them.
  • There are similar issues in other subjects. We teach literary languages, not how to speak the vernacular. We teach rulers, legal and political systems, some religious controversies, and wars, but not a lot about the history of cultures, science, or technology. Children usually get no economics or management training, except at private schools for the children of the wealthy. Every child needs to understand how to organize and run a group. This may perhaps best be done in the context of games.
  • See the book You Can't Say You Can't Play for an important approach to social problems such as bullying. Putting it into the curriculum for lessons would be stupid. Putting it into practice is the key.
  • How can the capabilities of XOs and Sugar apply to problems of development? Well, first you need an idea of what those capabilities are. We have only scratched the surface here. A few hints will have to suffice. The communication functions (Chat, IRC, video chat, Web browser) are as important as the learning materials, for making friendships, learning languages and cultures, and forming alliances for various purposes later in life. We have an offer of a Free Software voting system, which students can use to learn about computer security, auditing, and other aspects of trust.
  • Listen to poor people
  • Educating girls

Children, and adults, too, need furtheir hints about what is worth learning. How people use what they have studied, for example. Accounts of how people discoverheied what it is that they needed to know, and how they learned it. Suggestions from other students, from teachers, from family and friends about how to improve some of their work. (As opposed to a teacher marking answers Right and Wrong, and teaching nothing in the process.)

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