In the structure of a sentence there are several important roles. There is usually a subject, a verb, and an object. The subject is the thing that is doing something, the verb describes what is being done, and the object is having something done to it.
For example :
"The student has a table."
The student is doing something (having), the verb describes what is being done (to have), and the table is having something done to it ('being had').
The sentence can also be described like this:
subject + verb + object
In grammar the subject (plus its article) is known as the nominativ case, the verb is the verb, and the object (plus its article) being acted upon is known as the akkusativ case.
Its important to know this in German because it effects many ways in which words are used. For example definite and indefinite articles change accordingly to case as follows:
masculine : der - den
feminine : die - die
neutral : das - das
masculine : ein - einen
feminine : eine - eine
neutral : ein - ein
Note that it is only the masculine form that changes in each.
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